Scientists currently study memory from many different perspectives: neurobiological, ethological, animal conditioning, cognitive, behavioral neuroscience, social, and cultural. The aim of this book is to help initiate a new science of memory by bringing these perspectives together to create a unified understanding of the topic. The book began with a conference where leading practitioners from all these major approaches met to analyze and discuss 16 concepts that are crucial to our understanding of memory. Each of these 16 concepts is addressed in a section of the book, and in the 66 succinct chapters that fill these sections, a leading researcher addresses the section's concept by clearly stating his or her position on it, elucidating how it is used, and discussing how it should be used in future research. For some concepts, there is general agreement among practitioners from different fields and levels of analysis, but for others there is general disagreement and much controversy. A final chapter in each section, also written by a leading researcher, integrates the various viewpoints offered on the section's concept, then draws conclusions about the concept. This groundbreaking volume will be an indispensable reference for all the students and researchers who will build upon the foundation it provides for the new science of memory.
1. Memory Concepts ; Section 1: Memory ; 2. It's all about representations ; 3. Why the engram is elusive ; 4. Delineating the core ; 5. Integrative comments: Distinctions and dilemmas ; Section 2: Learning ; 6. A pre-theoretical concept ; 7. The need for a hybrid theory ; 8. Challenges in the merging of levels ; 9. Integrative comments: Multiplicity of mechanisms ; Section 3: Coding and representation ; 10. Time, space, history and beyond ; 11. The importance of mesoscale dynamics ; 12. Searching for a home in the brain ; 13. Integrative comments: On appealing beliefs and paucity of data ; Section 4: Plasticity ; 14. New concepts, new challenges ; 15. A pragmatic compromise ; 16. On the level ; 17. Integrative comments: More than memory ; Section 5: Context ; 18. What's so special about it? ; 19. Mood, memory, and the concept of context ; 20. A reference for focal experience ; 21. Integrative comments: The concept in the human and animal memory domains ; Section 6: Encoding ; 22. Models linking neural mechanisms to behavior ; 23. A cognitive perspective ; 24. Integrative comments: The proof is still required ; Section 7: Working memory ; 25. Signals in the brain ; 26. Multiple models, multiple mechanisms ; 27. What it is, and what it is not ; 28. Integrative comments: The mind is richer than the models ; Section 8: Consolidation ; 29. Molecular restlessness ; 30. Challenging the traditional view ; 31. The demise of the fixed trace ; 32. Integrative comments: From hypothesis to paradigm to concept ; Section 9: Persistence ; 33. Necessary, but not sufficient ; 34. Discrepancies between behaviors and brains ; 35. Integrative comments: In search of molecular persistance ; Section 10: Retrieval ; 36. Molecular mechanisms ; 37. Properties and effects ; 38. On its essence and related concepts ; 39. Integrative comments: Varieties and puzzles ; Section 11: Remembering ; 40. Defining and measuring ; 41. A process and a state ; 42. Metacognitive monitoring and control processes ; 43. Integrative comments: A controversy and a challenge ; Section 12: Transfer ; 44. Its transfer into neurobiology ; 45. Analysis in rats and other species ; 46. Rediscovering a central concept ; 47. Specificity and generality ; 48. Integrative comments: The ubiquitous concept ; Section 13: Inhibition ; 49. Diversity of cortical function ; 50. Attentional regulation of cognition ; 51. Manifestations in long-term memory ; 52. Elusive or illusion? ; 53. Integrative comments: An essential and contentious concept ; Section 14: Forgetting ; 54. Once again, its all about representations ; 55. The fate of once learned, but 'forgotten', material ; 56. Its role in the science of memory ; 57. Integrative comments: It's not just the opposite of remembering ; Section 15: Memory systems ; 58. A biological concept ; 59. Multiple systems in the brain and their interactions ; 60. A cognitive construct for analysis and synthesis ; 61. Integrative comments: An incentive, not an endpoint ; Section 16: Phylogeny and evolution ; 62. It takes two to tango ; 63. On comparing species at multiple levels ; 64. Implications for understanding the nature of a memory system ; Epilogue ; 66. Remember the future
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