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Contents

Preface to the Third Edition x 1 Introduction: The Research Process 1 The Research Process 3 2 Perspectives on Research 5 Philosophical Issues 6 What is Research? 6 What is Science? 12 Social and Political Issues 17 Professional Issues 18 The Intuitive Practitioner 19 The Scientist-Practitioner 20 The Applied Scientist 20 The Local Clinical Scientist 21 The Evidence-Based Practitioner 22 The Clinical Scientist 22 The Practice-Based Evidence Model 23 Comparison of Models 23 Implications for Clinical Training 24 Personal Issues 24 Why Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research? 25 Why Don't Clinical Psychologists Do Research? 26 Weighing up the Pros and Cons of Doing Research 27 Chapter Summary 27 Further Reading 28 Questions for Reflection 28 3 Doing the Groundwork 29 Formulating the Research Questions 30 Choosing the Topic 31 Developing the Questions 32 Hypothesis-testing versus Exploratory Research Questions 33 Some Types of Research Question 34 Literature Review 37 The Proposal 41 Funding 44 The Politics of Research in Applied Settings 45 Access 45 Responding to Doubts 46 Authorship 48 Chapter Summary 48 Further Reading 49 Questions for Reflection 49 4 Foundations of Quantitative Measurement 50 The Process of Measurement 52 Domains of Variables 52 Measuring Psychological Constructs 52 Measurement Sources and Approaches 54 Foundations of Quantitative Methods 54 Positivism 55 Psychometric Theory 58 Definitions 58 Reliability 60 Reliability Statistics 62 Validity 64 Generalizability Theory 67 Item Response Theory 68 Utility 69 Standards for Reliability and Validity 70 Chapter Summary and Conclusions 71 Further Reading 71 Questions for Reflection 72 5 Foundations of Qualitative Methods 73 Historical Background 75 Philosophical Background 76 Phenomenology 77 Social Constructionism 79 Families of Qualitative Approaches 84 Thematic Analysis Approaches 84 Narrative Approaches 87 Language-Based Approaches 88 Ethnographic Approaches 90 Ways of Evaluating Qualitative Studies 91 Conclusion: Choosing and Combining Methods 92 Chapter Summary 94 Further Reading 94 Questions for Reflection 95 6 Self-Report Methods 96 Mode of Administration 99 Open-ended and Closed-ended Questions 100 Qualitative Self-report Methods 101 Types of Qualitative Interview 102 Interview Schedule 103 Interviewing Style 105 Quantitative Self-report Methods 109 Questionnaire Design 110 Chapter Summary 118 Further Reading 119 Questions for Reflection 119 7 Observation 120 Qualitative Observation 122 Participant Observation 122 Text-based Research 126 Quantitative Observation 128 Background 129 Procedures for Conducting Observations 130 Reliability and Validity Issues 134 Chapter Summary 135 Further Reading 136 Questions for Reflection 136 8 Foundations of Design 137 Nonexperimental Designs 138 Descriptive Designs 138 Correlational Designs 139 Experimental Designs 142 Cook and Campbell's Validity Analysis 144 Nonrandomized Designs 146 Randomized Designs 152 Conclusion: Choosing a Research Design 159 Chapter Summary 159 Further Reading 160 Questions for Reflection 161 9 Small�]N Designs 162 Historical Background 163 Single-case Experimental Designs 165 Procedure 165 AB Design 166 Reversal (or ABAB) Design 167 Multiple-baseline Design 168 Changing-Criterion Design 169 Data Analysis 169 Generalization 169 Naturalistic Case-study Designs 170 Narrative Case Studies 170 Systematic Case Studies 171 Time-Series Designs 175 Conclusion 175 Chapter Summary 176 Further Reading 176 Questions for Reflection 177 10 The Participants: Sampling and Ethics 178 Sampling 179 The Target Population 181 Bias and Representativeness 182 Sample Size 183 Alternative Approaches to Sampling and Generalizability 185 Summary and Conclusion 187 Ethical Issues 188 Informed Consent 189 Harms and Benefits 191 Privacy and Confidentiality 192 Ethics Self-study Exercise 193 Ethics Committees 194 Chapter Summary 196 Further Reading 196 Questions for Reflection 197 11 Evaluation Research 198 What is Evaluation? 199 The Sociopolitical Context 201 Preparation for Evaluating a Service 203 Aims and Objectives 204 The Impact Model 205 The Target Population 205 Estimating the Extent of the Target Problem in the Target Population 206 Needs Assessment 207 Delivery System Design 208 Monitoring the Process of Service Delivery 209 Coverage and Bias 210 Service Implementation 211 Outcome Evaluation 212 Client Satisfaction Surveys 213 Patient-focused Research and Outcomes Management 213 Cost-effectiveness 214 Chapter Summary 215 Further Reading 216 Questions for Reflection 216 12 Analysis, Interpretation, and Dissemination 217 Qualitative Data Analysis 218 Within-case and Cross-case Analysis 219 Preliminaries to Qualitative Data Analysis 219 Processes in Qualitative Data Analysis 221 Good Practice in Qualitative Analysis 224 Quantitative Data Analysis 224 Data Entry 224 Data Checking 225 Data Reduction 225 Data Exploration 226 Statistical Significance Testing for Answering the Research Questions 227 Analyzing the Strength and Significance of Quantitative Effects 227 Interpretation 232 Contributions to Knowledge: Understanding the Meaning of the Findings 232 Methodological Issues: Strengths and Limitations of the Study 233 Scientific and Practical Implications 235 Dissemination 236 Writing up 237 Publication 238 Authorship Issues 239 Utilization 240 The End 240 Chapter Summary 241 Further Reading 241 Questions For Reflection 242 13 Epilogue 243 Methodological Pluralism 243 Appraising Research 244 Combining Research with Practice 246 Some Images of Research 247 Questions for Reflection 248 References 249 Author Index 277 Subject Index 287

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