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List of Boxes Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1 The Sociology of Social Problems WHAT IS A SOCIAL PROBLEM? The Social Context of Social Problems Opposing Explanations for Social Problems USING THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION TO ADDRESS SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective The Benefit of a Combined Perspective SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS Survey Research Experiments Field Research Focus Groups Secondary Data Analysis Historical and Comparative Research Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 2 The Sociology of Social Movements WHAT IS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT? Student Participation in Movements for Social Change WHY DO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS BEGIN? Absolute Deprivation and Relative Deprivation Theories Resource Mobilization Theory Political Opportunities Theory Leadership Theory Framing Theory Multi-Factor Theory STAGES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Incipiency Coalescence Institutionalization Fragmentation Demise Revival SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND SOCIAL CHANGE Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 3 The Sociology of Power: Economics, Wealth, and Politics GOVERNMENT TYPES ECONOMIC AND CLASS SYSTEMS Capitalism Socialism The Reality of Blended Systems Are There Links between Types of Economies and Types of Political Systems? THE GROWTH OF THE SIZE AND POWER OF CORPORATIONS Modern Concentrated Economic Power CLASS AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATESTHE U.S. SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM Upper Class Upper-Middle Class Middle Class Working Class Lower Classes ECONOMIC INEQUALITY Income Inequality Income Inequality Internationally Wealth Inequality SOCIAL MOBILITYPOWER IN THE UNITED STATES The Power Elite A Ruling Class? THE POLITICAL SYSTEM AND POLITICAL POWER Money and Elections Who Votes? STRUCTURAL FLAWS IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM The Impact of the 2010 Midterm Elections THE ARMED FORCESECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER AND MOVEMENTS FOR CHANGE Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 4 Poverty WHAT IS POVERTY? Definition and Measurement of Poverty in the United States A Profile of the Poor CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY Health Family Troubles Limited Education Poor Housing Conditions Homelessness Crime Barriers to Political Participation POWERLESSNESS OF THE WORKING POOR CAUSES OF POVERTY Individual Characteristics Social Structure Cultural Factors SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON POVERTY Structural-Functional Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective Conflict Perspective PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY Encourage Personal Reliance More Effective Government Programs Change Social Structure EXISTING ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS The Great Depression and Social Welfare Welfare Reform of 1996 Other Assistance Programs Childbirth-Related Leave Policies and Publicly Supported Child Care Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 5 Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration RACE, ETHNICITY, AND RACISM What are Race, Ethnicity, and Racism? Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States IMMIGRATION The American Nativist Movement Against Immigration in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries The Elimination of Immigration Quotas in the 1960s The Continuing Debate over Immigration TYPES OF RACIAL/ETHNIC RELATIONS Mutually Beneficial Trade and Cultural ExchangesGenocide Slavery Removal and Segregation Colonialism Assimilation Racial and Ethnic Pluralism/Multicultural Pluralism PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION Prejudice and Stereotypes Discrimination White Privilege Institutional Discrimination CAUSES OF PREJUDICE Personality TypeSituation Culture Social Structure SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION The Role of EducationEconomic Reform Political Reform Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 6 Gender and Sexual Orientation SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION INEQUALITY Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective GENDER INEQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION CULTURAL SEXISM: SEXIST TRADITIONS, STEREOTYPES, VALUES, NORMS, AND SYMBOLS Family Schools Language Media Religion INSTITUTIONAL SEXISM EducationWork and Income Politics and Government The Military POPULATION ESTIMATES: LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS WHAT CAUSES SEXUAL ORIENTATION? CULTURAL BIAS AGAINST LGBT Religion Family and Peers Schools and Media INSTITUTIONAL (STRUCTURAL) BIAS AGAINST LGBT FamilyEducation Work Politics, Government, and the Military Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 7 The Family WHAT IS A FAMILY? FAMILIES AND MARRIAGE AROUND THE WORLD Family Authority Types Types of Marriage CHANGES IN THE U.S. FAMILY Age at First Marriage and Cohabitation Divorce Children Born Outside of Marriage and Single-Parent-Headed Households Race/Ethnic and Class Differences SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES Mass Incarceration and the American Black Family GAY AND LESBIAN FAMILIES VIOLENCE AND ABUSE IN INTIMATE PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS Intimate Partner Abuse and Violence Income and Racial/Ethnic Differences Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Decline in Intimate Partner Violence since 1994 CHILD ABUSE Demographic Characteristics of VictimsPerpetrators and Risk Factors Effects of Child Abuse Increase and Decrease of Child Abuse Reports ELDER ABUSE AND NEGLECT Incidence and Correlates of Elder Abuse PREVENTING FAMILY VIOLENCE Economic Political Cultural Individual Characteristics Providing Safety for Abuse Victims TEEN PREGNANCIES AND PARENTHOOD Causes of Teen Pregnancies Consequences of Teen Pregnancies Preventing Teen Pregnancies SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY PROBLEMS Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 8 Education and Media SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective UNEQUAL EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT WORLDWIDE UNEQUAL EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES The Problem of American Students' Academic Performance Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Impacts on Academic Performance The Dropout Problem Functional Illiteracy The School Segregation Problem School Crime, Bullying, and Discipline Problems Soaring College Tuition and Student Debt APPROACHES TO IMPROVING BASIC PUBLIC EDUCATION Criticisms of the Public School System Distinctive Points of View The No Child Left Behind Program Protests and Strikes by Teachers MEDIASOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDIA Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective MEDIA ISSUES Newsworthiness and News Objectivity Digital Divide Media and Crime MEDIA AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 9 Health Care and Well-Being HEALTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS WORLDWIDE GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH Effects of Global Travel and Trade A Major Global Infectious Threat: HIV/AIDS HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES Inequities in HealthRising Costs of Health Care Consequences of the High Cost of Health Care PREVENTABLE ONGOING RISKS TO HEALTH Smoking Obesity Environmental Poisoning MENTAL HEALTH Causes of Mental Illness and Links to Gender, Race, and Class Treatments for Mental Illness Deinstitutionalization SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective GOVERNMENT HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS Medicaid Children's Health Insurance Program Military Health Care Medicare STATE AND FEDERAL HEALTH CARE REFORM State Reforms The Affordable Health Care Act Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 10 Crime and Criminal Justice WHAT IS CRIME? MEASURING THE EXTENT AND FORMS OF CRIME Official Crime Statistics Victimization Surveys Self-Report Studies STREET CRIME Violent Street Crime Street Property Crime VICTIMLESS CRIME ORGANIZED CRIME WHITE-COLLAR CRIME Occupational Crime Corporate Crime Punishment for White-Collar Crime CYBERCRIME POLITICAL CRIME Assassinations Burglaries Hacking Political Campaigns and Elections CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINALS Age Gender Social Class Race and Ethnicity EXPLAINING CRIME: BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHIATRIC, AND SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Biological Factors Psychiatric Factors Sociological Factors Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 11 Globalization, Technology, and Global Inequalities GLOBALIZATION TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBALIZATION Transporting People Transporting Goods and Resources Communication, Finance, News, Entertainment GLOBALIZATION: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS Positive Views of Globalization Negative Views of Globalization GLOBALIZATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND GLOBAL INEQUALITIES Poverty Income and Wealth Inequality SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL INEQUALITIES Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL INEQUALITY Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 12 Population, Urbanization, and Aging POPULATION Population Growth Worldwide: Past, Present, and Future Regional Differences in Population Growth Population Growth in the United States The Effect on Population of Immigration to the United States Social Problems Related to Excessive Population Growth Worldwide URBANIZATION Urbanization Worldwide Urbanization in the United States Urban Problems Worldwide Urban Problems in the United States AGING Aging Worldwide Aging in the United States Aging Problems Worldwide Aging Problems in the United States RESPONSES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND AGING Reduce Population Growth in High-Birth-Rate Countries by Improving Women's Education and Employment Levels Reduce Problems Related to Urbanization Worldwide Reduce Problems Related to Urbanization in the United States Worldwide Responses to Aging Problems Responses to Aging Problems in the United States SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND AGING Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 13 The Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Global Warming Impacts of Increasing Global Energy Use Air Pollution Land Pollution Hazardous Waste E-Waste Radioactive Material Wars and the Environment Water Availability and Quality Dangers to Biodiversity ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Population Growth Technological Progress, Urbanization, and Economic Development Militarism and International Competition Materialist Consumerism Excessive Individualism RESPONDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Environmental Education Environmental Activism Green Energy and Technology Carbon Capture and Storage International Government Policies U.S. Government Policies Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 14 Drug Abuse and Human Trafficking WHAT IS A DRUG? Extent of Drug Use Internationally Drug Use in the United States Alcohol Tobacco and Nicotine Cannabis: Marijuana, Hashish Cocaine Methamphetamine Heroin and Other Opioids Prescription Drugs Hallucinogens: LSD, Peyote, and MDMA Steroids Inhalants PROBLEMS RELATED TO DRUG ABUSE Crime Drugs and the Family WHY DO PEOPLE USE DRUGS? SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DRUG ABUSE Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective SOCIAL RESPONSES TO THE DRUG PROBLEM The War on Drugs Destroying Foreign Production Interdiction Prosecution and Punishment Education Treatment Attacking Root Causes of Drug Abuse An Alternative to the War on Drugs WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING? Dimensions of Human Trafficking CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective SOCIAL RESPONSES TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING InternationalUnited States: Federal and States THE MOVEMENT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Chapter 15 War, Rebellion and Terrorism BASIC CONCEPTS: WAR, REBELLION, AND TERRORISM America's Wars SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WAR AND REBELLION Structural-Functional Perspective Conflict Perspective Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective CAUSES OF WAR AND REBELLION WAR, REBELLION, REVOLUTION, AND SOCIAL CHANGE The U.S. Volunteer Armed Forces Private Military Companies (PMCs) Blackwater Deaths and Injuries of War Economic Devastation and Political Impacts War Crimes STRATEGIES TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN PEACE Deterrence Improved Defensive Capabilities Disarmament and Nuclear Nonproliferation Resolving Underlying Conflicts through Mediation and Oversight by the United Nations or other Unbiased Parties Fairer Distribution of Resources TERRORISM How Many Terrorists Are There? Types of Terrorism THE ROOT CAUSES OF TERRORISM Inequality, Poverty, and Perception of Unfair Treatment Extremist Ideologies Asymmetry of Power COMBATING TERRORISM Defend against Terrorism Deny Terrorists Sanctuary Make No Deals with Terrorists Kill or Capture Terrorists Address the Causes of Terrorism Chapter Review | Key Terms | Discussion Questions Glossary References Index

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